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psyco39 a dit:Secondo me non è la hostilis. Sarà forse un altra mimosa ma la hostilis no. Non convince il fiore. È diverso dalla mh
nichel-25 a dit:scusate l'insistenza, ma mi potreste rispondere?
Hallucinogenic Cacti : A survey of Hallucinogenic Cacti of the WorldMammilaria
The genus Mammillaria is a fairly large cacti genus with perhaps 100 species occurring from California to southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, New Mexico, Mexico, Texas and a few in the Caribbean (Benson 1982). Some texts separate some members of this genus into a separate genus called Dolichothele, but for the purposes of this review all will be lumped together.
Some of the most important ‘false peyotes’ of the Tarahamara Indians belong in this genus (Schultes1998). While several may contain alkaloids that have not been analyzed, there are at least seven that are known to contain psychoactive compounds. These include Mammilaria craigii, M grahmii, M. heyderii, M. longimamma, M. pectinifera, M. senilis.
One of the native cacti, M. craigii, has a long history of use in Mexico and is known from the Tarahumara as “wichuri” or “witculiki” (Bennet and Zingg 1935). Bruhn and Bruhn (1973) pointed out that this name was very peculiar as they discovered that the native term for crazy was, “wichuwa-ka.” The similarity in names is obvious and surely raised the question of how it was used. The plant is first roasted and the spines removed. Then the center is squeezed out, often into the ear. Ingestion of the plant by local shamans allowed them to ‘see’ into a person and find the demons that plagued any human (Bennet and Zingg 1935). The active compounds in this plant have been identified as N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl-amine (Bruhn and Bruhn 1973).
Another plant, M. grahamii, found in the region, is differentiated from M. craigii by the reddish central spines and the reddish vascular tissue in the plant stem (Bye 1979). It is known as “peyote” or by the Tarahumaras as “hikuri”. Apparently this plant was used in ceremonies where both the shaman and the participants would take the plant. It would allow them to “travel” with spectacular colors. Yet, like many of the “hikuri” species, if improperly used the Tarahumara’s report that it can cause one to go crazy (Bye 1979).
Sacred and Medicinal Cacti: Peyote, San Pedro and other EthnopharmaIn 1902 Carl Lumholtz wrote that, to the Tarahumara, all species of Mammillaria "have high mental qualities" and that a "regular cult is instituted" for them. They are considered the most important false peyotes and híkuris and are used as visual hallucinogens characterized by brilliant colors and the traveling of great distances during sleep. The top portion of the de-spined plant is considered the most powerful.
It is quite likely many species in the genus are psychoactive. Such activity might arise from non-alkaloidal properties, as no known hallucinogenic alkaloids have been found within Mammillaria. This and other latex-containing Mammillaria species are often sold in the drug stalls of Mexico and are used as popular folk remedies.
The pollen of both M. bocasana and M. zeilmanniana has been used to create successful hybrids with L. williamsii, suggesting a closer relationship between Mammillaria and Lophophora than may have been previously believed. Such hybridization is quite interesting due to the differences in the origin of the flowers; in L. williamsii they form from the areoles, while in Mammillaria they arise from the axils between the tubercles on which the areoles rest.
With such L. williamsii x Mammillaria hybrids it appears always to be the Lophophora that bear fruit even though attempts have been made at pollinating the Mammillaria species with L. williamsii pollen. This may have something to do with the "evolutionary divergence and specialization" of L. williamsii; its possible ability to recognize the less specialized pollen of Mammillaria, while the Mammillaria are unable to recognize the more specialized pollen of L. williamsii.